Napoleon (1914)

Napoleon's military star first shone at the siege of Toulon in 1793, where he commanded the artillery, a post which he filled with the greatest energy. For his valiant action at Toulon, he was rewarded with the rank of brigadier-general. In 1796 the campaign was vigorously pursued in Italy, until in November, the French were hotly contending against the Austrians at Arcola, where the latter succeeded in retaining possession of the bridge over the Alpone River. However, the French desperately attacked them on the 17th and successfully carried the position. On July 1, 1798, Napoleon arrived before Alexandria. The campaign in Egypt was a desperate one and much hardship and suffering was endured by the French army. Napoleon's enterprise, however, was again met by success and on the 18th of August, 1799, he set sail for the continent after the conquest of Egypt. In the beginning of 1800, Napoleon again pursued operations in Italy, which extended to June, when after successfully crossing the Alps by the St. Bernard Pass, the second Italian campaign was brought to an end. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned Emperor of the French at the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris. One year later he was desperately engaged in the famous battle of Austerlitz against the allied forces of Russia and Austria. Here was fought a great pitched battle which finally ended in a decided victory for the French. Thus the battle of Austerlitz brought the war of 1805 to a close. Napoleon's campaign in Russia in 1812 was weighted with great losses, both from his battles as well as from the terrible toll of the severe Russian climate. After the battle of Borodino, the French army entered Moscow, the Russian capital, where Napoleon had decided to make his winter headquarters. But the Russian patriots, rather than have Moscow fall into the hands of the invaders, burned the capital, causing the French to evacuate the city. Therefore, in October, 1812, the Grand Army began the retreat from Moscow, a retreat which proved so disastrous to the French. Harassed in flank and rear by the Cossacks, they left a track of dead and dying across the frozen plains of Russia. On the 5th of December, Napoleon left the army and started on the journey to Paris. Napoleon's campaign in France ended in April, 1814, when he was forced by the allied powers to abdicate the throne of France and retire to the island of Elba. The history of the origin of Napoleon's resolve to leave Elba is still to some extent wrapped in mystery. He returned to France on March 1, 1815, and at once commenced operations to restore the imperial throne. Several months later, on June 18th, he was engaged in the famous battle of Waterloo, which resulted in his overwhelming defeat by the allies under Wellington and Blucher. Thus was brought to a close the military career of Napoleon, who soon after was exiled to the island of St, Helena, where "the captive giant was handed over by the Earth to the guardianship of the Ocean." There he remained a prisoner till March 5, 1821, when his indomitable spirit surrendered to Death, the conqueror of all.