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Author, director, educator, educated at Oxford University (scholarship)(BA, Litt. B.); Yale University (Ph.D.); Guggenheim Fellowship. He taught literature and history in colleges throughout the USA and in Europe, 1948-1951. He directed plays and was assistant to Bertold Brecht. Between 1952 and 1956 he was Drama critic for The New Republic. From 1953 he was Brander Matthews professor of dramatic literature at Columbia University, and Norton professor of poetry at Harvard University between 1960-1961. He joined ASCAP in 1964, and adapted the operas "Orpheus in the Underworld" and "The Threepenny Opera".